Uganda

Value-added tax (VAT)

VAT is governed by the VAT Act and administered by the Uganda Revenue Authority (URA). VAT is charged at the rate of 18% on the supply of most goods and services in the course of business in Uganda. Specified goods and services, as well as exports outside of Uganda, attract a zero rate of tax.

Some supplies are exempt from VAT, the main categories being services to conduct feasibility studies, locally produced raw materials subject to investment thresholds and industry, liquefied petroleum gas, financial services, health and life insurance, agriculture insurance policies, re-insurance services, unimproved land, leases and sale of certain residential properties, betting and gaming, education, medical and health services, imported drugs, medicines and medical sundries, assistive devices for persons with disabilities, oxygen cylinder or oxygen for medical use, social welfare services, pesticides, petroleum products subject to excise duty, and supply of animal feeds and mixed components. Other recent supplies per the 2024 VAT Act include supply of electric vehicle locally manufactured or the frame and body of an electric vehicle locally fabricated, cooking stoves that use fuel ethanol and are assembled in Uganda (up to 30 June 2028), fertilisers, pesticides, hoes, seeds, and seedlings (repealed as zero-rated supplies).

Zero rating is preferable to exemption because the VAT on costs incurred in making a zero-rated supply can be recovered while those incurred in making an exempt supply cannot be recovered.

The zero-rated supplies include the supply of goods and services exported from Uganda; the supply of educational materials, including educational materials manufactured in a partner state of the East African Community; sanitary towels, menstrual cups, tampons, and the inputs for their manufacture; drugs and medicines manufactured in Uganda; and the supply of leased aircraft, aircraft engines, spare engines, spare parts for aircraft, and aircraft maintenance equipment and repair services.

Besides the exempted and zero-rated supplies, there is a deemed VAT regime that applies to the upstream and midstream operations in the oil and gas sector, mining operations, as well as aid-funded projects. The tax payable on a taxable supply made by a supplier to a contractor executing an aid-funded project and by a contractor to a licensee to undertake mining or petroleum operations is deemed to have been paid by the supplier (in the case of the aid-funded projected) or the contractor (in the case of mining and petroleum operations) provided the supply is for use by the contractor solely and exclusively for the aid-funded project or the petroleum/mining operations.

The annual threshold for VAT registration is UGX 150 million. Persons who make supplies that are VATable and whose turnover exceeds UGX 150 million are required to register for VAT with the URA. VAT-registered persons are required to:

• Charge VAT whenever they make supplies that are VATable.
• File monthly returns before the 15th day of the month following the reporting month.
• Only claim a tax credit on expenses supported by e-invoices or e-receipts.
• Apply for input tax credits within six months from the date of the invoice.
• Only claim for input VAT against the related business generating a taxable supply.

Also, taxable persons supplying remote services, such as electronic services, to non-taxable persons in Uganda are required to register for VAT and file quarterly VAT returns. The tax due under such a return may be paid in United States dollars.

Credit for input tax

A person making exempt, zero-rated, and standard supplies can recover all the input VAT if the exempt supplies are less than 5% of the total supplies. However, if the exempt supplies are more than 5% but less than 95%, the person is required to recover only a portion of the VAT input tax corresponding to the percentage of the taxable supplies. If the exempt supplies exceed 95%, the person cannot recover any input VAT.

The following are a few restrictions on input tax claims:

• A taxable person can only utilise their input tax credit within six months from the date of the invoice.
• Non-residents providing services that are deemed to take place in Uganda, such as electronic services, are not entitled to claim input VAT credits.
• Input VAT claim on membership in a club, association, or society is not allowed.
• Claims for input VAT can only be made against the 'related business generating a taxable supply'.

Imported services

The VAT Act defines a supply of service to mean any supply that is not a supply of goods or money, including the performance of services for another person.

There is no definition of imported services in the local legislation. However, the tax authorities generally consider an imported service to be one provided by a person normally resident outside Uganda who is not required to register for VAT in Uganda. According to Regulation 14 of the VAT Regulations 1996, any person who imports a service into the country must account for VAT on such a service. The Regulations require the person importing the service to account for the VAT at the time when performance of the service is completed, when payment for the service is made, or when the invoice is received from the foreign supplier, whichever is earliest. 

The tax on imported services is computed at the rate of 18% of the cost of the service. VAT-registered companies are no longer required to prepare self-billed tax invoices, thus they are unable to claim the VAT paid as input tax; however, a contractor or licensee in the petroleum and mining industry is able to claim an input tax credit for the reverse-charge VAT paid on imported services. Also, persons providing business process outsourcing (BPO) services are allowed to claim credit for input tax for VAT paid on imported services. Further, if the importer of the services is not registered for VAT, the importer is required to calculate and pay the VAT to the URA.

Failure to pay VAT on non-exempt imported services is tantamount to lack of compliance with the law, and a penalty of 2% per month, compounded, may apply.

Interest payable on late payment of VAT is capped to a maximum of the aggregate of the principal tax and penal tax.

VAT representative for non-resident persons

The Tax Procedure Code Act now provides for a role of tax representative for a non-resident person being the individual controlling the person's affairs in Uganda, including a manager of a business of that person or any representative appointed in Uganda.

A tax representative under the Tax Procedure Code Act is responsible for performing any duty obligation imposed by a tax law on the taxpayer, including submission of tax returns and payment of tax.

Customs duties

Many goods imported into Uganda are subject to customs duties. However, exemptions are available to various classes of plant and machinery imported into Uganda. The rates of duty are provided by the EAC common external tariff code. Certain products imported from the East African Community and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) region enjoy special custom duty rates. Imported items are classified according to the nomenclature established under the international convention on the harmonised commodity description and coding system. Duties range from 0% to 60%, depending on the item imported.

Excise duties

Excise duties are imposed on goods considered luxuriant. Examples include locally manufactured soft drinks, cigarettes, alcoholic drinks, and spirits. A schedule of some of the rates is provided below:

Property taxes

Property taxes are administered by the local authorities annually. They are based on the value of the property as assessed by the local authorities.

Stamp duties

Stamp duty is charged on a number of transactions, including Islamic financial business, at varying rates. Stamp duty is charged at 1% of the total value for a number of instruments, including hire purchase agreements, composition deeds, leases, conveyance, transfers, share warrants, gifts, and agreements relating to deposit of title deeds.

Stamp duty of 0.5% is incurred on formation of a company and capital-raising activities (e.g. increase of share capital).

Stamp duty of 1.5% applies on all transfers, including transfer of shares and property.

Stamp duty of 2% applies on exchange of property.

No stamp duty is charged on the increase of share capital where it is in fulfilment of a condition precedent for acquiring loan funds for a development project or where it is made on becoming public through the stock exchange.

Stamp duty of UGX 15,000 is also charged on a number of various other instruments (e.g. letters of credit, memorandum of association of a company).

No stamp duty applies on debentures, equitable mortgages, or further charges on mortgaged property and loan instruments.

No stamp duty applies on construction materials for development of industrial parks or free zones by a developer whose investment capital is at least USD 50 million. 

No stamp duty applies on agreements related to deposit of title-deeds, pawn pledge.

No stamp duty applies on Agricultural Insurance Policy.

No stamp duty applies on security bond or mortgage deed executed by way of security for the due execution of an office, or to account for money or other property received by virtue of security bond or mortgage deed executed by a surety.

No stamp duty applies on a manufacturer of an electric vehicle, electric battery, or electric vehicle charging equipment or fabricator of the frame and body of an electric vehicle, subject to meeting certain requirements, such as a minimum investment of USD 10 million for a foreigner or USD 300,000 in the case of a citizen or USD 150,000 for a citizen who invests up country.

Environmental levies

Environmental levies are charged on every person who imports motor vehicles that are eight years old or older. Levies are also imposed on the importation of used household appliances. The levy on motor vehicles is 20% of the value of the vehicle as determined for customs duty purposes. Levies on electrical appliances range from UGX 20,000 to UGX 50,000 per item, depending on the nature of the item.

Payroll taxes

An employer is required to withhold tax on employment income from their employees and pay it to the tax authorities. The tax is normally borne by the employee. Where the employer fails to withhold tax as required, the employer becomes liable for the taxes but may recover the same from the employees.

Local service tax ranging between UGX 5,000 and UGX 100,000 per annum, subject to an individual’s employment income bracket, is payable to the local municipal councils of the individual’s area of residence. The tax is withheld and paid by the employer.

Social security contributions

An employer is required to make contributions to the National Social Security Fund for each employee, amounting to 10% of their gross pay. The employee contribution is 5%. However, the National Social Security Fund (Amendment) Act, 2021 allows for voluntary contributions to the fund over and above the standard contributions. It also allows a person who is self-employed to apply for membership and make voluntary contributions to the fund.