Italy

Foreign tax credit

Where foreign-source income definitively is taxed abroad, a tax credit can be claimed for use against a company’s IRES liability. The amount of the tax credit that can be claimed is the lower of the foreign tax incurred and the proportion of the IRES liability related to the foreign-source income. For partially exempt income (e.g. dividends), the foreign tax credit is reduced in proportion to the amount of the income taxable in Italy.

If an Italian company receives foreign income from more than one country, this limitation is applied separately to each country.

Foreign taxes borne by the foreign PE of an Italian resident company are allowed to be offset against the overall consolidated tax liability (IRES).

Any excess of foreign tax credit over the maximum amount allowed for recovery in the same tax period can be carried back or carried forward for eight years and recovered if specific conditions are met (e.g. same source country of the income, occurring because of an excess of the IRES liability related to the foreign-source income).

Tax Incentives

In February 2023, the Council of Ministers gave the green light for the creation of a new 'incentives code' in order to block the extreme fragmentation of current incentive policies and achieve full efficiency of measures for businesses. The Ministry of Enterprise and Made in Italy (MIMIT) will have to adopt the delegated decrees within 24 months (December 2024).

The Reform is connected to the 2023-2025 Budget Law in line with the indications of the Economic and Financial Document and with the Recovery and Resilience Plan (RRP) and also includes among the objectives the simplification of the rules on investment and measures to facilitate the development of South Italy. In fact, the revision of incentives is a necessary step also for the promotion of Italian industrial policy, which requires at national level a greater efficiency of the measures available for companies as well as an orientation towards global challenges such as the green and digital transition.

Introduction of the reshoring exemption

As part of the policies aimed at so-called ‘reshoring’, art. 6 of Legislative Decree 209/2023 introduces into national law a tax relief aimed at encouraging the repatriation, within the territory of the Italian state, of business carried out in foreign countries not belonging to the European Union and/or the Economic Area European, including artistic and professional activities carried out in an associated form.

In detail, in the tax period in which the reshoring takes place and in the five subsequent tax periods, a 50% exemption for IRES and IRAP purposes is granted for income deriving from the repatriated assets and activities. For the determination of eligible income, the taxpayer is required to maintain separate evidence, from an accounting point of view, to allow verification of the correct determination of the income and the value of net production taxable for IRAP purposes.

To prevent any undue exploitation of the tax relief, activities carried out in the territory of the state in the 24 months preceding their reshoring are excluded from access to the relief. Furthermore, a monitoring period of five tax periods following that of reshoring of the assets and activities is envisaged (ten periods in case of large companies) in the event that the beneficiary will transfer outside the territory of the state, even if only partially, the activities subject to the tax exemption. In this case, the recapture mechanism is applied by the tax administration, including both unpaid taxes and the related interests.

New Hyper-amortization 2026-2028

One of the most significant measures of the 2026 Budget Law in the field of tax incentives concerns the introduction of a new increase in the fiscally relevant cost of investments in capital goods (so-called new hyper-depreciation), intended to replace the Transition 4.0 and 5.0 tax credit system.

For business income, taxpayers making investments in capital goods intended for production facilities located within the territory of the State, the acquisition cost of the assets - relevant for the purposes of calculating depreciation quotas and finance lease payments - is increased according to a mechanism of progressive rates based on investment brackets. Specifically, the increase is granted at the following rates:

• 180% for investments up to EUR 2.5 million;
• 100% for investments exceeding EUR 2.5 million and up to EUR 10 million;
• 50% for investments exceeding EUR 10 million and up to EUR 20 million.

The incentive applies to investments carried out from 1 January 2026 to 30 September 2028, provided that the eligible assets are produced in a Member State of the European Union or in a State that is part of the European Economic Area.
The increase is granted for investments relating to:

• new tangible and intangible capital goods included in Annexes IV and V to the Budget Law, provided that they are interconnected with the company’s production management system or supply chain network;
• new tangible assets aimed at the self-production of energy from renewable sources for self-consumption, including remote self-consumption, as well as energy storage systems. With specific reference to solar energy, only installations equipped with high-efficiency photovoltaic modules, as identified by current legislation, are eligible.

From a subjective standpoint, the benefit is excluded for companies in liquidation, subject to insolvency proceedings, or recipients of disqualifying sanctions pursuant to Legislative Decree No. 231/2001. In any case, access to the incentive is conditional upon compliance with workplace health and safety regulations and the proper fulfilment of social security contribution obligations.

Access to the benefit is subject to the electronic submission of specific communications and certifications via an IT platform managed by the Energy Services Operator (GSE), according to procedures to be defined by an implementing decree of the Ministry of Enterprises and Made in Italy, in agreement with the Ministry of Economy and Finance.

The increased depreciation is cumulative with other national and European incentives relating to the same costs, provided that the cumulative amount does not exceed the cost incurred and that the different measures do not apply to the same investment portions.
Investments benefiting from the “Industry 4.0 tangible assets” tax credit provided for by the 2025 Budget Law are expressly excluded from the scope of application. 

Tax credit for investments in new capital assets 2022-2025

Tangible assets '4.0'

For enterprises that invest in new tangible assets included in Annex A of Law n. 232/2016 (so-called 'assets 4.0'), different benefit rates are provided based on the tax period in which the investment is realised and based on the acquisition cost.

If such investments are made between 1 January 2023 and 31 December 2025, or by 30 June 2026, provided that by 31 December 2025 the purchasing order is accepted by the seller and the buyer paid an instalment of at least 20% of the purchasing cost, the tax credit is recognised in the following measures:

• 20% of the cost for investments up to EUR 2.5 million.
• 10% of the cost for investments between EUR 2.5 million and EUR 10 million.
• 5% of the cost for investments between EUR 10 million and EUR 20 million.

The above-mentioned threshold applies for each fiscal year in the period 2023 through 2025.

Only for investments made in FY 2025, a national budget limit equal to EUR 2.2 billion is introduced. In order to obtain the tax credit, taxpayers must file specific communications to the competent authorities.

Intangible assets '4.0'

With regard to intangible assets included in Annex B of Law 232/2016 (including expenses for services incurred in connection with the use of cloud computing solutions), Law No. 234/2021 introduced different rates depending on the year of investment.

Specifically, for investments made for FY 2023, the tax credit is granted at 20% of the cost, again up to an annual maximum of EUR 1 million. The tax credit rate decreases to 15% for investments made in FY 2024 and 10% for investments made in FY 2025.

The 2025 Budget law has terminated early the applicability of the tax credit for investments in intangible capital goods made in 2025. Therefore, in 2025 only, investments already started in 2024 will remain eligible for the tax credit, for which the two reservation requirements had already matured, i.e. acceptance of the order by the supplier and payment of a minimum deposit of 20% by the buyer.

In all cases, there is a six-month window (until 30 June of the following year) if the conditions for the reservation are met by 31 December of each year.

Tax credit Transition '5.0'

A tax credit is applicable to investments in tangible and intangible assets interconnected with the company’s enterprise resource planning (ERP) that enables the company to achieve its goals of optimising processes, reducing energy consumption (positively impacting the decarbonisation process), and improving production efficiency. Eligible investments must be made in FYs 2024/25 and they must be aimed at Transaction 5.0, allowing for energy savings compared with the level of consumption before the investments.

A minimum energy consumption reduction of at least 3% of the entire production structure or 5% of the specific production process is requested to access the tax credit. The tax credit is recognised to the extent of 35% of the cost for investments up to EUR 10 million and 5% of the cost for investments between EUR 10 million and EUR 50 million.

In case of higher reduction of the energy consumption compared with the minimum threshold, the tax credit rates are increased by 5% or 10%. The energy consumption reduction must be certified by an independent energy expert, and the communication must be filed with the energy sector authority (GSE).

The 2025 Budget Law introduced a simplified procedure that allows access to the tax credit in the event of replacement of capital goods that have been fully depreciated for at least 24 months, provided that the manufacturer certifies compliance with international energy and functional standards or that the company acquires such certifications from authorised entities.

In March 2025, the Italian government submitted a request to the European Commission for authorisation to reprogram a series of measures of the Recovery and Resilience Plan (RRP), including the 5.0 tax credit. If the request is approved, the application of this tax credit could be extended to FY 2026 and perhaps even to FY 2027.

Reduced IRES rate for companies reinvesting profits in fixed assets (so-called ‘IRES Premiale’) 

The IRES rate is reduced from 24% to 20% for the tax period following the one in progress as of 31 December 2024 (FY 2025 for companies with calendar year) for companies that jointly (i) allocate 80% of the profits of the fiscal year ending 31 December 2024 to a specific retained earning reserve, (ii) reinvest 30% of them in the purchase of new 4.0 and 5.0 fixed assets (it must be at least equal to 24% of profits by the fiscal year ending 31 December 2023, and the minimum threshold is EUR 20,000), (iii) have maintained stable employment levels in 2024, (iv) increase them by at least 1% in 2025, and (v) have not resorted to the wage guarantee fund (CIG) during the fiscal year in progress as of 31 December 2024.

The tax benefit is revoked if (i) the 2024 specific retained earning reserve is distributed before 31 December 2026 or (ii) the invested assets are sold, diverted from business use, or moved abroad within five years of the investment.

Tax credit on investments in research and development (R&D), technological innovation, and design and aesthetic ideation: Common rules

The following tax credits are available to all enterprises that invest in eligible activities, regardless of the legal form and the economic sector in which they operate.

R&D tax credit

For the R&D tax credit, in line with the legislation in force until 31 December 2019, the eligible activities consist of fundamental research, industrial research, and experimental development as defined, respectively, by the letters (m), (q), and (j) of point 15, par. 1.3 of the Communication no. 198/2014 of the European Commission. 

For eligible R&D activities, the tax credit is equal to 20% (12% in FY 2020) of the eligible costs incurred, with a maximum annual amount of EUR 4 million (EUR 3 million for FY 2020). The 2021 Budget Law extended for two years the increased benefit rates provided for if the R&D activities are carried out in the South Italy regions.

The 2022 Budget Law extended the measure up to the tax period including 31 December 2031; however, the tax credit rate was decreased to 10% of the eligible expenses, and the annual ceiling of the credit increased to EUR 5 million.

To determine the cost basis of the benefit, the following expenses are eligible:

1. Personnel costs.
2. Depreciation charges, costs of the financial or simple lease, and other expenses related to movable tangible assets and software used in R&D projects.
3. Expenses for extra-muros research contracts concerning the direct execution of eligible R&D activities by the provider.
4. Depreciation charges related to industrial privatives.
5. Expenses for consultancy services and equivalent services related to R&D eligible activities.
6. Expenses for materials, supplies, and other similar products used in the R&D projects.

Tax credit for technological and digital innovation and ecological transition

A tax credit for enterprises that invest in technological and digital innovation activities '4.0' and in projects aimed at the ecological transition is also applicable. 

Until FY 2023, this tax credit is equal to 10% (6% in FY 2020) of the eligible costs incurred, with a maximum annual amount of EUR 2 million (EUR 1.5 million in FY 2020). The applicable rate is increased to 15% (10% in FY 2020) in case the eligible activities consist of technological innovation aimed to reach an ecological transition goal or a digital innovation goal compliant with the so-called '4.0' model, without prejudge of the maximum annual amount of EUR 2 million (EUR 1.5 million in FY 2020).

Based on changes introduced by the 2022 Budget Law, for the tax periods 2024 and 2025, the tax credit rate is reduced to 5% while the annual maximum limit of EUR 2 million remains unchanged.

On the other hand, as regard the tax credit for investments in 4.0 digital innovation projects or for projects aimed at achieving ecological transition objectives, for the tax period 2022, the measure of 15% is confirmed within the annual maximum limit of EUR 2 million, and then it is progressively reduced to 10% for the tax period following the one in course on 31 December 2022, within the annual maximum limit of EUR 4 million, and to 5% for the tax period following the ones in course from 31 December 2023 to 31 December 2025, again within the annual maximum limit of EUR 4 million.

To determine the tax credit, taxpayers shall consider the same eligible expenses as for R&D credit, under the same conditions, except for those relating to industrial property rights as indicated in (iv) of the paragraph above.

Tax credit for design and aesthetic ideation activities

The Budget Law has extended to the year 2026 the availability of the tax credit relating to design and aesthetic ideation activities referred to in paragraph 202 of the 2020 Budget Law. The tax credit amounts to 10% of the relevant tax base, determined net of any other subsidies or contributions, however received, relating to the same eligible expenditure.

The benefit is in any case granted within an annual maximum limit of EUR 2 million, to be proportionally adjusted in the event of a tax period shorter or longer than twelve months, and within an overall national expenditure ceiling of EUR 60 million for the year 2026.

For the purposes of monitoring expenditure ceilings, enterprises are also required to submit electronically to the Ministry of Enterprises and Made in Italy a specific communication indicating the amount of expenditure incurred and the corresponding tax credit accrued.

The tax credit relating to 2026 may be used exclusively by way of set-off through the F24 form, pursuant to Article 17 of Legislative Decree No. 241/1997. Unlike previous years, the credit is no longer spread over three annual instalments but is usable in a single annual instalment, starting from the tax period following that in which it accrues. In any case, utilization is subject to the fulfilment of accounting certification obligations by the statutory auditor.

Tax credit for investments in the Special Economic Zone

A further important development introduced by the 2026 Budget Law concerns the extension of the tax credit for investments in the Single Special Economic Zone (ZES unica) of Southern Italy for the years 2026, 2027 and 2028. The overall expenditure ceilings are set at EUR 2.3 billion for 2026, EUR 1.0 billion for 2027 and EUR 750 million for 2028.

Access to the tax credit continues to be granted to enterprises - regardless of their legal form or accounting regime - already operating or newly established within the Single ZES, which also includes the incentivized areas of the Marche and Umbria Regions, provided that they carry out eligible investments in accordance with the relevant legislation. Exclusion remains in force for entities operating in sectors expressly identified by the incentive framework, as well as for enterprises in voluntary or compulsory liquidation or subject to winding-up proceedings.

Eligible investments must be attributable to an initial investment project involving:

• the acquisition, including through finance lease agreements, of new machinery, plant and equipment intended for existing or newly established production units located within the perimeter of the Single ZES;
• the purchase of land, as well as the construction, acquisition or expansion of buildings having an instrumental nature and functional to the implementation of the eligible investment.

In any case, the total cost attributable to land and buildings may not exceed 50% of the total amount of eligible investment.

Starting from 2026, access to the tax credit is subject to a procedure similar to that already adopted for the 2024 and 2025 incentives, structured in two phases: the submission of an “initial” communication to be filed between 31 March and 30 May of each year, and a “supplementary” communication certifying the investments actually carried out, to be submitted to the Revenue Agency by 17 January of the following year.

For the three-year period 2026–2028, the maximum amount of the tax credit actually usable will be determined by applying a percentage defined annually by the Italian Revenue Agency, calculated as the ratio between the overall expenditure ceiling and the total amount of applications submitted by enterprises. Where applications exceed the available resources, the tax credit due will be proportionally reduced based on the submitted requests.

Finally, the new provisions establish that enterprises which have correctly submitted the supplementary communication to the Italian Revenue Agency for 2025 investments will benefit from an additional tax credit equal to 14.6189% of the amount of the credit already granted pursuant to Revenue Agency measure no. 570046 of 12 December 2025, which had set the percentage of the actually usable tax credit at 60.3811%. As a result, enterprises may benefit from a total tax credit equal to 75% of the amount requested.

It is however provided that the sum of the additional tax credit and the credit already granted may not exceed the amount indicated in the 2025 supplementary communication, and that the additional tax credit is granted on the condition that the enterprises have not obtained, with reference to one or more investments covered by the supplementary communication, the recognition of the Transition 5.0 tax credit.

A similar extension is also provided, pursuant to Article 1, paragraphs 444–447, of Law no. 199/2025, for the tax credit relating to investments in Simplified Logistics Zones (ZLS) referred to in Article 13, paragraph 1, of converted Decree-Law no. 60/2024. In this case, the incentive applies to investments carried out from 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2028, with the access procedure remaining unchanged.

Advertising campaign tax credit

There is a facilitative measure intended for businesses, self-employed workers, and non-commercial entities in relation to investments made in advertising campaigns in the daily and periodical press, including online (article 57-bis, Legislative Decree 50/2017).

From 2023, to benefit from the tax credit, it is necessary that the overall amount of advertising investments made exceeds the amount of similar investments made in the previous year by at least 1%.

The incentive consists of a tax credit equal to 75% of the incremental value of the investments made. It is granted within the maximum limit of the annual allocation and in compliance with the European Union regulations on 'de minimis' aid. Therefore, if the overall amount of credits requested exceeds the amount of available resources at a national level, these are divided percentage-wise among all those who are entitled to the bonus.

New Patent Box regime

Law Decree no. 146, issued on 21 October 2021, as amended by the 2022 Budget Law, has revised the previous Patent Box regime with effect from 2021 by shifting from a profit-based incentive to a cost-based incentive. In particular, the costs for the R&D activities (incurred either directly by the Italian resident companies and PEs of non-resident entities or by outsourcing the R&D activities to universities or other research institutes or equivalent institutes) in relation to copyrighted software, patents, designs, and models can be recognised for tax purposes for an amount equal to 110% of the relevant expenditure for both IRES and IRAP, determining a net tax benefit of about 31% of the R&D costs incurred, in terms of lower IRES and IRAP due. R&D costs incurred with related parties are not eligible. The election for the new Patent Box procedure lasts for five fiscal years, is irrevocable, and is renewable.

In order to benefit from this new procedure, each year taxpayers have to opt for it in the annual IRES return and prepare a proper documentation set, whose possession has to be declared in the annual IRES return. This documentation, which has to be prepared in Italian language, electronically signed with time-stamp by the legal representative of the company (or its delegate), and provided to the tax authority upon request, within 20 days, in the electronic format, will allow taxpayers to benefit from the penalty protection relief in case of tax audit and related challenge.

All relevant instructions for implementing the new Patent Box regime are included in Regulation no. 48243/2022 and no. 52642/2023 of the Director of the Italian Revenue Agency and clarifications provided in Circular Letter no. 5/2023.