Poland

Taxable period

The taxable period is the calendar year (between 1 January and 31 December). Companies are entitled to choose another (than calendar) fiscal year for the purpose of CIT (e.g. between 1 April and 31 March).

Tax returns

Companies are, in general, required to file their tax returns electronically, via an online creator published by the Ministry of Finance. The annual CIT return should be submitted to the tax office within three months following the end of the tax year.

Standard Audit File for Corporate Income Tax (SAF_CIT, known as JPK_CIT)

As of January 2025, the legislative changes in Poland regarding SAF for CIT aim to streamline the operations of tax authorities and standardise the electronic data submitted to the tax office. This means that taxpayers will be required to keep ledgers only in electronic form and to submit to the tax authorities data based on two new, separate logical structures of SAF, i.e. the accounting books (JPK_KR_PD) and the fixed assets and intangibles register (JPK_ST_KR) - jointly ’JPK_CIT‘. The first reporting for the tax year ending 31 December 2025 will be 31 March 2026.

The logical structure JPK_KR_PD is for the most part based on the existing JPK_KR structure, which is one of the structures taxpayers must provide upon the request of the tax authority. However, the new reporting elements, mandatory for selected taxpayers already in the first year of the new regulations’ validity, will include, among others, tax tags identifying ledger accounts. This means that income statement accounts must be marked for tax purposes as, for example, tax-deductible expenses or non-deductible expenses, taxable or non-taxable income.

The JPK_ST_KR is a new logical structure designed to disclose data confirming the acquisition, production, or deletion from the records of a fixed asset or intangible asset, effectively containing the same content as the regular tax register of fixed assets and intangibles.

The obligation to submit the SAF for CIT (JPK_CIT) will apply as follows: 

• Starting from the tax year beginning after 1 January 2025: To CIT payers whose revenue in the previous tax year exceeded EUR 50 million or entities that are part of tax capital groups.
• Starting from the tax year beginning after 1 January 2026: To all CIT payers required to submit SAF_VAT (JPK_V7) files.

• Starting from the tax year beginning after 1 January 2027: To all remaining CIT payers in Poland.

However, based on the Regulation of the Ministry of Finance of 13 December 2024, the obligation to submit JPK_ST_KR for the first group (i.e. the large taxpayers and tax capital groups) is postponed by one year, i.e. the regulation will be in force from 1 January 2026.

Payment of tax

The same deadline as the CIT return applies to the settlement of the annual CIT liability. In financial terms, the final settlement is not significant since most of the annual liability is paid by CIT advances throughout the tax year.

The CIT advances should be paid for each month by the 20th day of the following month. Entities that started business activities (except for companies organised as a result of certain transformations) and entities whose gross sales revenue (including VAT) in the prior tax year did not exceed EUR 2 million are entitled to opt to make advance settlements on a quarterly basis (instead of a monthly basis).

From 5 October 2023, the interest rate for late payment is 14.5% per annum (previously, 15%).

Individual tax account numbers

Each PIT, CIT, and VAT payer or remitter should transfer all of their Polish tax liabilities to a given tax office’s bank account using an individual tax account (‘tax micro-account’) identifying a given taxpayer or tax remitter. The tax micro-account may be checked using the generator or at any tax office.

Generating an individual tax account is not possible without the appropriate tax identification number. Taxpayers waiting for a decision on granting the tax identification number (NIP) pay the amount due to the tax micro-account of a competent tax office.

Tax audit process

The tax authorities generally shall notify its intention to initiate a tax audit. The inspection shall be initiated not earlier than after seven days and not later than 30 days from the receipt of the notice.

The duration of all audits in one calendar year may not exceed the following:

• For micro entrepreneurs: 12 working days.
• For small entrepreneurs: 18 working days.
• For medium entrepreneurs: 24 working days.
• For large entrepreneurs: 48 working days.

The rules mentioned above do not apply to the inspection commenced by the customs and revenue office. This kind of tax inspection is initiated without issuing a notification and in practice there is a possibility to prolong the inspection without any specific time limits.

Statute of limitations

Tax liability expires five years after the end of the calendar year in which the tax payment deadline passed. There are also situations when the statute of limitations can be suspended or interrupted (e.g. litigation).

Topics of focus for tax authorities

In recent years we observe that the most inspections concern VAT, regarding frauds and validity of the VAT refund. The focus of the tax audit authorities is also directed on transactions between related parties (transfer pricing issues), WHTs, as well as new discounts and preferences in CIT. Additionally, the focus remains on tax schemes (MDR) and PIT (concerning the self-employment scheme).

According to data provided by the Ministry of Finance for 2023, there were 9,051 customs-tax audits initiated, which represents a 117.4% increase compared to the previous year, when there were 4,163 such audits. The Ministry's data also indicates that 7,186 customs-tax audits were completed, marking a 78.2% increase from the previous year. Of the audits concluded in 2023, 6,660 included findings, accounting for 92.7% of all completed audits, compared to 91.5% in the previous year.

Binding rulings and APAs

General binding rulings are issued by the Ministry of Finance in order to ensure the uniform application of tax law by tax authorities.

Individual binding rulings are issued at a taxpayer’s request in individual cases. A ruling should be provided in three months and is subject to the payment of a fee (immaterial amount). If no decision is taken within the deadline established, there is a tacit approval of the taxpayer's understanding of the tax matter.

The individual tax ruling provides protection only to the entity that requested the ruling. However, if the same factual state or future event applies to two or more taxpayers (e.g. parties to the same transaction), they may submit a joint application for an individual tax ruling. 

The ruling is not binding for the tax authorities (e.g. tax offices and fiscal control offices) from the formal point of view. Nevertheless, according to the law, compliance with the interpretation should not lead to any harm to the taxpayer (i.e. if the taxpayer follows the ruling, they should not be required to pay any penalty interest or be subject to fiscal-penal responsibility even if the tax authorities do not agree with the ruling in their proceedings). 

In case of rulings covering future events (e.g. rulings obtained prior to closing of a given transaction), the taxpayer should also be protected not just against interest and penal fiscal liability, but also against the base tax liability.

Entities performing related-party transactions may also apply to the Head of NFA for APAs available under certain conditions (for more details, see Transfer pricing in the Group taxation section).

Cooperation agreement

The entrepreneur being a party to the cooperation agreement will have the opportunity to discuss with the Head of the National Fiscal Administration important issues related to the tax settlements. Such arrangements may concern, among others:

• Interpretation of tax laws and the content of tax rulings.
• Transfer pricing rules.
• The amount of advance income tax.
• Non-applicability of the general anti-avoidance rule.

The cooperation agreement may provide the taxpayer with benefits such as reduction (by half) of the fees for an APA and for a security opinion, as well as reduction (or, in some cases, even the lack) of interest on tax arrears. The cooperation agreement may also protect an entrepreneur against additional tax liability and the tax audit. Moreover, the custom and fiscal control of a taxpayer who is a party to the cooperation agreement will be carried out only by the Head of the National Fiscal Administration.

PwC actively participated in the expert support of the first taxpayer to conclude the cooperation agreement with the Head of the NFA in March 2022. By the end of 2023, the list of taxpayers who joined the program amounted to 11 entities.

Investment Agreement

The 'Investment Agreement' is an agreement concluded between an investor and the tax authority regarding the tax consequences of a planned investment in Poland.

This is a new solution aimed at protecting the investor from the negative tax consequences in a wider scope than individual tax rulings do. It also encourages the investor to enter the 'cooperation agreement' after the investment is made.

This agreement is concluded between the Ministry of Finance and the investor, i.e. an entity that plans or has started an investment on the territory of Poland with a value of at least PLN 50 million (PLN 100 million before 2025). Although an Investment Agreement is addressed primarily to foreign entities planning to start a new business Polish residents are not excluded from benefiting from these regulations.

The regulations indicate two types of fees that investors will have to pay in order to enter into an agreement: an initial fee and a main fee. The initial fee, which is the payment for the application, is to amount to PLN 50,000 (from each investor filing in the application). The conclusion of an Investment Agreement is to be subject to a main fee in a range of PLN 100,000 to PLN 500,000. The amount of the fee will depend on, among other things, the declared value of the investment and its complexity.

An Investment Agreement is to be equivalent to the following administrative acts:

• Advance pricing agreement (unilateral only).
• GAAR ruling.
• Binding Excise Information.
• Binding Rate Information.

• Individual tax ruling.

• Top-up taxation ruling based on Global Minimum Tax rules.

The agreement may cover all or some of the above acts. It is valid for five years from the date of issue. It is possible to renegotiate its contents, resulting in changes to the agreement, including extending its duration.

Based on data published by the Ministry of Finance, no investment agreement has been concluded by the end of 2023.

Obligation to prepare and publish information on the execution of tax strategy

The obligation to prepare and publish information on the execution of tax strategy applies to taxpayers whose revenues exceeded EUR 50 million in a tax year and tax capital groups.

Taxpayers shall prepare and disclose information on, inter alia,:

• the approach to processes and procedures on managing obligations arising from tax regulations and ensuring their proper execution
• the number of submitted reports on tax schemes (under mandatory disclosure rules [MDR]), separately for each tax, and
• transactions with related entities, the value of which exceeds 5% of the total assets on the balance sheet (based on the Statutory Financial Statements).

The taxpayer publishes information about the implemented tax strategy in Polish on its website and electronically informs the head of the competent tax office about the address of the website on which it is published by the end of the 12th month following the end of the tax year to which the report relates.

Reporting obligations of real estate companies

If a given entity is classified as a ’real estate company‘ in line with the specific definition provided by Polish CIT Law, this may translate into the following obligations:

• New mechanism of capital gains tax collection upon the sale of shares in such company by non-residents.
• Annual obligation to disclose the group structure to the tax authorities. 
• Automatic publication of certain basic tax data by the authorities (on an annual basis).

However, please note that the specific definition of a real estate company under the Polish CIT Law should not be confused with the concept of so-called ’land-rich company‘ (often used interchangeably with ’property-rich company‘ or ’real estate-rich company‘), which, under the domestic legislation, would be any company (and other entities) whose assets comprise, directly or indirectly, of real estate located in Poland of at least 50% (also DTTs provide for a similar concept, but the definitions may differ to some extent).

A real estate company should be understood as an entity in which:

• at least 50% of the balance sheet total value of assets consisted, directly or indirectly, of the carrying amount of real estate located in Poland or rights to such real estate (or, in case of entities commencing their activity, at least 50% of the market value of assets consisted, directly or indirectly, of the market value of real estate located in Poland or rights to such real estate)
• the respective fair market/book value of the real estate exceed PLN 10 million, and
• in the previous tax year, the company obtained at least 60% of taxable revenues from (sub)rental, (sub)lease, agreements of a similar nature, or from ownership rights relating to real estate/other real estate companies (unless it is an entity commencing its activity).

Specialisation of tax offices

1st Mazowiecki Tax Office in Warsaw is responsible for the largest taxpayers, including:

• Legal entities or organisational entities without legal personality whose net income from the sale of goods, products, and services in the tax year exceed EUR 50 million (excluding civil law partnerships).
• Capital tax group and companies forming part of the group.
• Public companies with headquarters in Poland.

There are also 19 specialised tax offices, which are responsible for the following taxpayers:

• Legal entities or organisational entities without legal personality whose net income from the sale of goods, products, and services in the tax year amounts to EUR 3 million to EUR 50 million (excluding civil law partnerships).
• Foreign entrepreneurs whose net income from the sale of goods, products and services in the tax year amounts to at least EUR 3 million.
• Branch or representation of foreign entrepreneurs.

Additionally, 2nd Mazowiecki Tax Office in Warsaw is the dedicated tax office for investment and pension funds and for foreign entrepreneurs (net income exceeding EUR 3 million) who have a fixed establishment in more than one territorial jurisdiction of the specialised tax offices. 

Tax Office in Lublin is responsible for WHT proceedings.

General anti-abuse rule (GAAR)

In line with the GAAR, legal transactions with the main purpose of obtaining a tax advantage contrary to the tax regulations shall not result in tax benefit. Tax consequences of such transactions will be assessed as if an alternative 'appropriate' transaction had taken place. Furthermore, if transactions carried out by a taxpayer do not have any real economic or business rationale other than tax avoidance, tax authorities may completely disregard them.

The GAAR is applicable to the tax benefits received after the amendments were introduced (i.e. 15 July 2016). This means that the sole fact that the transaction was carried out before the amendments entered into force may not exclude application of the regulations in case the taxpayer obtains a tax benefit after the GAAR is introduced.

As of 1 January 2019, there is a penalty payment in the form of an additional liability of 40% (or 10%) of the tax liability resulting from the application of the clause. Penalty payment also covers application of other anti-abuse clauses, transfer pricing settlements, and cases where the WHT payer issued an incorrect statement and did not make the required verification with reference to the WHT rate. The 10% rate may apply to income taxes where income constitutes the tax base.

The above penalty payment rate may be doubled in the case of tax benefits exceeding PLN 15 million, where the taxpayer has previously received a final decision on the basis of anti-abuse provisions, or in the absence of transfer pricing documentation. In certain circumstances, the above rates may also be reduced by half.

The applicability of the GAAR clause has been also extended to remitters. A number of detailed changes in the application of the GAAR clause have been introduced, including proceedings for issuing of a protective opinion by the Head of National Fiscal Administration (NFA). The protective opinion is issued if the circumstances presented in the application indicate that the tax benefit described in the motion is not subject to the GAAR. In case of the motions for issuance of the protective opinions, the Head of NFA analyses the case more deeply than in case of individual tax rulings (e.g. tax ruling fully relies on the descriptions of the backgrounds presented by the taxpayers).

The Polish Tax Law also contains: (i) other specific anti-abuse/anti-avoidance provisions dedicated to certain transactions/events (e.g. anti-abuse provisions in the CIT Law covering certain types of transactions/distributions, such as mergers, dividend payments, interest payments, or share-for-share exchanges); (ii) ’exit tax‘; (iii) anti-abuse provisions included in the VAT Law; and (iv) MDR.

Central Electronic System of Payment information

As of 1 January 2024, payment service providers are required to keep electronic records of payment data for cross-border payments and to exchange these records with a newly established central EU-database, i.e. Central Electronic System of Payment information (the so-called CESOP). The purpose of the new reporting obligation is to combat VAT fraud.

Under the new reporting requirements, domestic banks, foreign bank branches, credit institutions, payment institutions, and credit unions must maintain, store, and report on cross-border payments to the Head of National Revenue Administration when the payment service provider makes more than 25 such payments to the same payee per quarter.

Payment service providers must keep electronic records of cross-border payments for a period of three calendar years from the tax year the payment was made.

Data collected at the national level is transmitted quarterly to the CESOP. The first reports were sent by the service providers to the competent authorities by 30 April 2024. Each submission of reports by the Polish administration to the central register takes place for a quarterly period by the 10th day of the second month following the end of the quarter to which the information relates.

Opinions on the cross-border reorganisations

An amendment to the Commercial Companies Code was introduced in 2023, bringing significant changes to regulations regarding domestic and cross-border reorganisations and their implications under tax law.

A new obligation mandates obtaining a prior opinion from the Head of the National Fiscal Administration for any cross-border transformation, merger, and division on whether: 

• the reorganisation carried out does not constitute tax avoidance within the meaning of the GAAR clause or abuse of law, and 
• the company's public financial liabilities are satisfied or secured.

An application for an opinion should be submitted as part of an application to the registry court. As a rule, the Head of the NFA should issue an opinion within one month from the date of submitting the application, with the possibility of extending the deadline by a maximum of three months. Issuance of the opinion may be refused, among others, in the event of a justified assumption that the transaction is of an abusive nature or the public receivables will not be settled/secured. A negative decision may be appealed to an administrative court.