United Arab Emirates

Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS)

The United Arab Emirates joined the G20 / OECD Inclusive Framework on BEPS (the 'Inclusive Framework') on 16 May 2018. Through joining the Inclusive Framework, the United Arab Emirates has committed to implement, in the immediate to short term, the following four BEPS minimum standards Actions:

• Action 5: Countering harmful tax practices.
• Action 6: Countering tax treaty abuse.
• Action 13: Transfer pricing documentation and CbC reporting.
• Action 14: Improving dispute resolution mechanisms.

The United Arab Emirates has also committed to implement the other (11) BEPS measures in the medium to long term.

On 30 April 2019 and amended in 2020, the United Arab Emirates issued its CbC reporting regulations, which are in line with the guidance issued by the OECD on CbC reporting. The rules introduce a CbC reporting requirement (either filing or notification) for ultimate parent entities that are tax resident in the United Arab Emirates and that are part of a multinational group with consolidated revenues equal to or exceeding AED 3.15 billion in the preceding financial year. CbC reporting requirements are applicable to ‘financial reporting years’ starting on or after 1 January 2019 with the relevant CbC report to be submitted within 12 months from the end of the reporting year.

Failure to comply with the CbC reporting requirements is likely to expose the UAE taxpayers concerned to stringent and varying levels of administrative penalties in the United Arab Emirates.

The United Arab Emirates has signed and ratified the BEPS Multilateral Instrument (MLI). The key positions that the United Arab Emirates decided to adopt include:

• The United Arab Emirates has chosen to include additional wording in the preamble of its Double Tax Treaties (DTT)s stating that the DTTs should not be used for treaty abuse (BEPS Action 6 minimum standard).
• The United Arab Emirates has chosen to include a principal purpose test with the ability to refer to a competent authority for final assessment of the availability of treaty benefits (BEPS Action 6 minimum standard).
• The United Arab Emirates has chosen to include additional wording in its DTTs to improve the dispute resolution process through Mutual Agreement Procedures (BEPS Action 14 minimum standard).
• The United Arab Emirates has chosen to retain the existing 'permanent establishment' definition in its DTTs, and has not elected to adopt the expanded 'permanent establishment' definition.
• The United Arab Emirates has chosen to retain its existing position on the taxation of capital gains realised on real estate rich entities, and has not elected to adopt the proposed 'real estate rich' provisions in its existing DTTs.

In respect of the remaining measures included under the United Arab Emirates' MLI position, the United Arab Emirates has opted to agree specific changes to its DTTs through bilateral negotiation.

BEPS 2.0 

The United Arab Emirates has introduced a federal CT on business profits that will be effective for financial years starting on or after 1 June 2023. As part of this, the MoF released a public consultation that included their action statement for the implementation of the CT Law alongside other matters of consideration. The public consultation included a brief commentary on the implementation of Pillar Two “as the work is ongoing at the IF level, further announcements on how the Pillar Two rules will be embedded into the UAE corporate tax regime will be made in due course”. 

On 24 November 2023, the Cabinet of Ministers issued Federal Decree Law No. 60 of 2023 with regards to amendments to the provisions of UAE CT Law. The amendments introduce some key terms from the GloBE Rules, including definitions for ‘top-up tax’ and ‘multinational enterprise’, and appear to be the first step in laying the foundations for the subsequent implementation of GloBE Rules in the United Arab Emirates. 

On 15 March 2024, the MoF launched a digital public consultation on the Pillar Two rules based on the OECD Model Rules. The public consultation was closed on 10 April 2024. The MoF stated that the objective of this consultation is to gather the views of stakeholders with respect to the potential policy design options to respond to the implementation of the GloBE Rules worldwide. 

Alongside the consultation questionnaire, a separate Guidance Paper has been prepared that provides details on the specific aspects of the GloBE Model Rules. This provides an overview of the GloBE Rules in accordance with the OECD Model Rules, i.e. scope, GloBE calculation criteria, collection mechanisms, safe harbours, etc.

The MoF announced that Pillar Two rules will not be implemented in 2024, and the UAE has also confirmed that it intends to allow the submission of the GloBE Information Return to the UAE competent authorities for 2024. Further information regarding this is expected to be released by the MoF in due course.

Economic substance regulations

In scope entities

Under the economic substance regulations (Regulations), certain juridical persons (persons with separate legal personality) and unincorporated partnerships that carry on a 'relevant activity' in the United Arab Emirates (UAE Licensees) are required to have adequate 'economic presence' in the United Arab Emirates, relative to the activities they undertake.

Save for some limited exceptions, the Regulations apply to all UAE Licensees that undertake one or more of the 'relevant activities' listed below: 

• Banking.
• Insurance.
• Investment fund management.
• Lease-finance.
• Headquarters.
• Shipping.
• Holding company.
• Intellectual property (IP).
• Distribution and service centre.

The Regulations apply to financial periods commencing on, or after, 1 January 2019. Only UAE Licensees that undertake and earn income from a 'relevant activity' are required to satisfy the applicable economic substance test. The Regulations do not apply to non-UAE tax-resident entities, investment funds, and their underlying SPVs / investment holding entities (except for self-managed investment funds), wholly UAE resident owned UAE entities with domestic transactions only (that are not part of a multinational group), and UAE branches of foreign companies that are subject to tax on all their 'relevant income' in a foreign jurisdiction.

Compliance requirements

There are two filing requirements, being:

• Notification (applicable only to entities that perform 'relevant activities', regardless of 'relevant income' from those 'relevant activities').
• Substance report (applicable only to entities that perform 'relevant activities' and generate 'relevant income' from those 'relevant activities').

The notification and substance report should be submitted electronically via the MoF online portal within 6 and 12 months of the financial year end of the UAE Licensee, respectively. These filings must be made on an annual basis, if applicable.

Notification requirements

Under the Regulations, only entities that perform a 'relevant activity' should file a notification. This filing should be made via the MoF online portal and will be due six months after the entity’s financial year end (e.g. an entity with a 31 December financial year end should file its notification by 30 June of the following year). 

Annual return/declaration requirements

To satisfy the economic substance requirements, and unless the UAE Licensee is carrying on a 'holding company business', the UAE Licensee must provide documentation to support that, in the relevant financial period: 

• the UAE Licensee’s relevant 'core income-generating activities' were conducted in the United Arab Emirates
• the UAE Licensee was 'directed and managed' in the United Arab Emirates, and
• with reference to the level of activities performed in the United Arab Emirates:
  • there was an adequate number of qualified full-time employees in the United Arab Emirates

• • an adequate amount of operating expenditure was incurred in the United Arab Emirates, and
  • there were adequate physical assets in the United Arab Emirates.

It is possible for a UAE Licensee to carry out more than one 'relevant activity' at a time, in which case the economic substance requirements outlined above will need to be satisfied for each 'relevant activity'.

A UAE Licensee undertaking a holding company business 'relevant activity' is subject to reduced economic substance requirements. On the other hand, additional economic substance documentary requirements apply to 'high-risk' IP-related activities.

In the event 'relevant income' (i.e. gross income relating to a 'relevant activity') is generated, the UAE Licensee would be required to file an annual substance report via the MoF’s Portal within 12 months of its financial year-end (e.g. by 31 December 2021 if the UAE Licensee has a 31 December 2020 financial year-end). 

Templates, supporting documentation, and the mechanism for the annual substance report filing have been released by the MoF on their dedicated economic substance landing page. In general, the following information is required to be submitted by the UAE Licensee in the annual substance report:

• The 'relevant activity' conducted by the UAE Licensee.
• The amount of 'relevant income' in respect of the 'relevant activity'.
• The amount of operating expenses and tangible assets in respect of the 'relevant activity'.
• The number of qualified full-time employees who are responsible for carrying on the UAE Licensee’s 'relevant activity'.
• Confirmation of the 'core income-generating activity' performed in respect of the 'relevant activity'.
• The UAE Licensee’s financial statements.
• Declaration as to whether or not the UAE Licensee satisfies the economic substance test.
• In the case of a 'relevant activity' being an IP business, a declaration as to whether or not it is a 'high risk IP business'.

If the UAE Licensee declares that it is a ‘high risk IP business’, the National Assessing Authority (i.e. the Federal Tax Authority) will automatically determine that the UAE Licensee did not meet the economic substance test unless the UAE Licensee can prove otherwise. On this basis, the UAE Licensee should provide the National Assessing Authority with information and documentation that it does and historically has exercised a high degree of control over the development, exploitation, maintenance, protection, and enhancement of the IP asset exercised by an adequate number of full-time employees, with the necessary qualifications, who permanently reside and perform their activities in the United Arab Emirates. This can be demonstrated through submitting the following documents:

• Business plan showing the reasons for holding the ownership in the IP asset in the United Arab Emirates.
• Employees' information, including level of experience, type of contracts, qualifications, and duration of employment with the UAE Licensee.
• Evidence that decisions regarding the IP were made within the United Arab Emirates.

Where a 'core income-generating activity' of the UAE Licensee’s 'relevant activity' is outsourced:

• the UAE Licensee must be able to monitor, control, and demonstrate adequate supervision in the UAE of the 'core income-generating activity' being carried out by the outsourcing provider
• the employees, expenditures, and physical assets of the outsourcing provider must be adequate relative to the 'core income-generating activity' being carried out by them
• the 'relevant activity' being outsourced is a 'core income-generating activity' being carried out in the United Arab Emirates, and
• the employees, expenditure, and physical assets of the outsourcing provider must not be counted multiple times by multiple UAE Licensees when evidencing compliance with the economic substance test.

It is anticipated that documentation supporting the above aspects will likely be maintained to assist in the evaluation of whether a UAE Licensee has sufficient economic substance in the United Arab Emirates relative to the activities it undertakes.

Consequences of non-compliance

In addition to exchanging information with foreign authorities and the ultimate parent and beneficial owners of the UAE Licensee, failure to demonstrate adequate substance would result in administrative penalties (AED 50,000 in the first year of failure, increased to an amount of AED 400,000 for a consecutive year of failure). Additional penalties, such as suspending, revoking, or not renewing the UAE Licensee’s trade or commercial licence, could also apply.

Other administrative penalties include: (i) AED 20,000 for failure to submit the notification; (ii) AED 50,000 for failure to submit the annual substance report, as well as deemed failure to meet the economic substance test; and (iii) AED 50,000 for providing inaccurate information, as well as deemed failure of the economic substance test.

United States (US) Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA)

On 17 June 2015, the United Arab Emirates signed the Model 1B Intergovernmental Agreement (IGA) with the United States, which came into force on 19 February 2016 (US-UAE Model 1 IGA), with the US Internal Revenue Services (IRS) regarding the exchange of information related to US individuals and certain type of US-owned entities, with an effective date of 1 July 2014.

On 6 July 2015, the UAE MoF issued guidance notes on the requirements of the US-UAE Model 1 IGA on the implementation of FATCA (UAE FATCA Guidance Notes). The UAE FATCA Guidance Notes expand upon the UAE-US Model 1 IGA, including the definitions, implementation of the due diligence procedures, and reporting obligations.  

The domestic legislative provisions to implement FATCA in the United Arab Emirates are set in Cabinet Resolution No. 63 of 2022 (UAE FATCA Regulations).

The exchange of information is conducted on an annual basis, occurring in September of each year, between the UAE competent authority and the US IRS. UAE reporting financial institutions for FATCA purposes need to submit their FATCA returns to their relevant financial regulator (or the UAE MoF for unregulated entities) by 30 June of each year (unless otherwise informed). Filing of nil reports is required under FATCA.

Common Reporting Standard (CRS)

On 22 February 2017, the United Arab Emirates signed the Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement (MCAA) on Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information, and the Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters (MAC) was signed on 21 April 2017.

The exchange of information is conducted on an annual basis, occurring in September of each year, between the UAE competent authority and competent authorities of jurisdictions which have agreed to exchange information with the United Arab Emirates. 

The domestic legislative provisions to implement the CRS in the United Arab Emirates are set in Cabinet Resolution No. 93 of 2021 (UAE CRS Regulations).

On 3 August 2020, as updated in September 2023, the UAE MoF issued Guidance Notes for CRS purposes (UAE CRS Guidance Notes). The UAE CRS Guidance Notes do not hold the force of law.

UAE reporting financial institutions for CRS purposes need to submit their CRS returns to their relevant financial regulators (or the UAE MoF for unregulated entities) by 30 June of each year (unless otherwise informed). Filing of nil reports is required under the CRS.